Surgery

Surgery is one of the oldest and most common treatments for cancer. It involves the physical removal of the tumor from the body. Depending on the location and size of the tumor, surgery can be minimally invasive or require extensive procedures. The goal is to remove as much of the cancer as possible, which can sometimes result in a complete cure, especially if the cancer is detected early.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. This treatment targets specific areas of the body, making it effective for localized cancers. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, which prevents them from growing and dividing. While it can also affect healthy cells, advancements in technology have made radiation therapy more precise, reducing side effects.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. These drugs can be administered orally or intravenously and travel throughout the body, making them effective against cancers that have spread. Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells, which includes cancer cells, but can also affect healthy cells, leading to side effects like nausea, hair loss, and fatigue. Despite these side effects, chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer treatment, often used in combination with other therapies.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a cutting-edge treatment that harnesses the power of the patient’s immune system to fight cancer. This therapy includes treatments like checkpoint inhibitors, which help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells, and CAR T-cell therapy, which involves modifying a patient’s T-cells to better combat cancer. Immunotherapy has shown great promise, especially in treating cancers that are resistant to traditional treatments.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is designed to specifically attack cancer cells by targeting the molecules involved in cancer growth and spread. Unlike chemotherapy, which can affect all rapidly dividing cells, targeted therapy aims to interfere with specific proteins or genes found in cancer cells. This precision reduces damage to healthy cells and often results in fewer side effects.

Hormone Therapy

Hormone therapy is used primarily for cancers that are driven by hormones, such as breast and prostate cancer. This treatment works by blocking the body’s ability to produce hormones or by interfering with how hormones behave in the body. By reducing the levels of hormones, hormone therapy can slow or stop the growth of cancer cells.

Stem Cell Transplant

Stem cell transplant, also known as bone marrow transplant, is a procedure that replaces damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy stem cells. This treatment is often used for cancers of the blood, such as leukemia and lymphoma. The healthy stem cells can be sourced from the patient (autologous transplant) or from a donor (allogeneic transplant). This therapy helps restore the bone marrow’s ability to produce healthy blood cells.

The Role of SEO in Healthcare

In today’s digital age, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) plays a crucial role in connecting patients with the information and healthcare services they need. Companies like Doktor Seo specialize in optimizing medical websites to ensure that they appear prominently in search engine results. This visibility is essential for healthcare providers, as it helps potential patients find reliable information and access quality care. By using targeted keywords and creating high-quality content, Doktor Seo helps medical professionals reach a wider audience, ultimately aiding in early detection and treatment of diseases like cancer.

Cancer treatment is a rapidly evolving field with multiple approaches tailored to the specific needs of patients. From traditional methods like surgery and chemotherapy to innovative treatments like immunotherapy and targeted therapy, each type of treatment plays a vital role in the fight against cancer. Additionally, the integration of digital marketing strategies like SEO by companies such as Doktor Seo ensures that valuable information and services are accessible to those who need them most, bridging the gap between medical advancements and patient care.

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Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these mutations is crucial. Mutated genes, known as oncogenes, can promote excessive cell proliferation, while mutated tumor suppressor genes fail to halt abnormal cell growth. This imbalance leads to the formation of tumors, which can be either benign or malignant.

Diagnosis and early detection

Early detection significantly improves the prognosis of cancer patients. Screening programs, such as mammograms for breast cancer or colonoscopies for colorectal cancer, aim to detect tumors before symptoms manifest. Diagnostic tools like biopsies and imaging techniques allow clinicians to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its stage, aiding in treatment planning.

Advancements in molecular diagnostics have revolutionized cancer detection. Techniques like next-generation sequencing enable precise identification of genetic mutations driving cancer growth, paving the way for targeted therapies tailored to individual patients.

Treatment modalities and innovations

The treatment landscape for cancer has evolved dramatically, encompassing a variety of approaches tailored to the type and stage of the disease. Traditional treatments include surgery to remove tumors, radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells, and chemotherapy to inhibit cell division.

Recent decades have seen remarkable progress in cancer treatment through immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, while targeted therapy employs drugs that selectively block specific molecules involved in cancer growth. These approaches offer new hope for patients with previously untreatable cancers and are increasingly personalized based on genetic profiling.

Clinical trials play a pivotal role in developing innovative therapies and expanding treatment options. They test new drugs and treatment combinations to improve efficacy and reduce side effects. Participating in clinical trials provides eligible patients access to cutting-edge treatments not yet widely available.

The role of lifestyle and prevention strategies

Beyond treatment, lifestyle factors play a significant role in cancer prevention. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of developing cancer. This includes maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting processed foods high in sugars and fats. Regular physical activity not only helps control weight but also reduces the risk of certain cancers like breast and colon cancer.

Avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol consumption are crucial preventive measures, as tobacco use is linked to a multitude of cancers, including lung, throat, and bladder cancer. Vaccinations against viruses such as HPV (human papillomavirus) and hepatitis B can prevent infections that increase cancer risk.

Public health initiatives focusing on education and awareness further empower individuals to make informed choices about their health. Early intervention programs that promote screening and encourage lifestyle changes can lead to earlier detection and improved outcomes for those affected by cancer.

Challenges and future directions in cancer research

Despite advances, challenges in cancer research persist. Resistance to treatment remains a significant hurdle, necessitating ongoing investigation into mechanisms of resistance and the development of alternative therapies. Additionally, disparities in access to healthcare and treatment options highlight the need for equitable distribution of resources and support for underserved populations.

Future directions in cancer research include exploring novel therapeutic targets, enhancing early detection technologies, and advancing personalized medicine approaches. The integration of artificial intelligence and big data analytics holds promise in identifying patterns and optimizing treatment strategies based on individual patient profiles.

Psychological and social impact of cancer

Cancer does not only affect patients physically but also exerts a profound psychological and social impact. The diagnosis and treatment process can lead to emotional distress, anxiety, and depression. Patients often face uncertainty about their prognosis, changes in body image, and disruptions in daily life. The support of mental health professionals, social workers, and cancer support groups can be crucial in helping individuals cope with these challenges. Providing psychological care alongside medical treatment helps improve overall well-being and quality of life. Additionally, support for families and caregivers is essential, as they also experience emotional and practical difficulties while supporting their loved ones through cancer treatment.

Global perspective and equity in cancer care

Cancer is a global health issue with significant disparities in access to care and outcomes. While high-income countries benefit from advanced diagnostic tools and treatment options, low- and middle-income countries often face challenges such as limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of access to early screening and modern therapies. Efforts to address these disparities include international collaborations, investment in healthcare infrastructure, and the development of affordable treatment options. Global health initiatives aim to improve cancer care through awareness campaigns, training programs for healthcare professionals, and the implementation of cost-effective screening and treatment strategies. Ensuring equitable access to cancer care and resources is essential to reducing the global burden of cancer and improving survival rates worldwide.

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When selecting a mattress for a cancer patient, be sure to look out for a mattress that has the best quality materials and will provide these essential features:

• Pressure Relief
• Motion Isolation
• Cooler Temperature
• Good Sinkage and Responsiveness
• Edge Support
• Removeable and Washable Cover

Pressure Relieving Mattress For Cancer Patients

Patients who remain lying or sitting in bed in the same position for extended periods of time run the risk of developing bed sores as a result of pressure that is exerted on the joints and skin. The Journal of Pain and Symptom Management explains that pressure sores affect patients’ quality of life and ability to recuperate from excruciating treatments. 

Foam mattresses help reduce pressure points when cancer patients lie down for a long time. 

This is why having a mattress that relieves pressure is essential for a cancer patient’s recovery. Mattresses with reactive foam and gel memory foam are some of the best types for bed-bound patients because the foam molds to the body and minimizes excess pressure being exerted on a particular area. 

Choose The Best Mattress to Reduce Motion Transfer

Choosing a mattress with motion transfer capabilities is useful for someone who shares a bed with a cancer patient when they come home from the hospital. The movement that occurs with a regular mattress whenever one partner gets out of bed or turns over can be disturbing for a patient who needs sleep to assist their recovery. The mattress-in-box varieties that are available are made of responsive foam that reduces motion transfer. 

A mattress with motion isolation dampens any movement across the surface of the mattress so that no rocking or rolling movement is felt. Many mattress-in-a-box varieties have the type of motion isolation features that can make cancer patients feel more comfortable. Mattress-in-a-box manufacturers in Australia have some of the best motion isolation mattresses you can find. You can visit this page to learn more about the best mattress-in-a-box options in Australia and how their motion isolation features can help cancer patients feel more comfortable. 

Temperature Control Mattresses For Cancer Patients

Some cancer patients struggle with nighttime sweating due to their treatment, which can be unbearable if the mattress retains too much heat. Finding a mattress with cool material that dissipates extra heat away from the body will ensure a more restful sleep and better recovery. 

Gel-infused foam mattresses dissipate heat and can help cancer patients who feel feverish.

Memory foam is one of the warmer materials found in modern mattresses and is not ideal for cancer patients, but gel-infused foam or hybrid mattresses with individually wrapped coils as their bottom layer can help keep the mattress cooler. Gel foam mattresses provide excellent support and have cooling gel dispersed throughout the mattress surface to help keep the mattress temperature cooler. 

Cancer Patients Need a Mattress With Strong Edge Support

A cancer patient will need to get out of and into bed many times throughout the day and night, whether to go to the bathroom or have a meal. A mattress with strong edge support will make these movements much easier because the patient can rest on the edge of the bed as they adjust their position to either stand up or lay down.

They may also need to sit on the edge of the bed to take their medication or change their sitting position occasionally. The mattress’s edge must maintain its shape and not buckle or sag under the pressure when someone sits on the edge of the bed, so choosing a mattress with reinforced edges or edge support of 4 inches is ideal for cancer patients. 

A Mattress With Good Sinkage and Responsiveness Helps Cancer Patients

A mattress that has adequate sinkage will make the patient feel fully supported when lying down, which will promote more restful sleep. Whether the patient is lying on their back or side, the sinkage rate of the mattress will ensure the spine is kept in a comfortable neutral position and that the neck, shoulders, and hips are enveloped in plush foam that relieves aches and pains.

A responsive mattress cradles a cancer patient’s body and helps them to sleep more comfortably. 

Because the mattress is responsive, it will adjust to the patient’s movements so that they don’t feel trapped in the mattress whenever they change sleeping positions. A mattress that recovers from compressions quickly means the patient will feel more relaxed when sleeping.

A Removeable and Washable Mattress Cover Ensures Better Hygiene for Cancer Patients

Because patients spend so much time in bed, it is important that the cover be easy to clean and put back on the bed. Choosing a mattress with a removable and washing washable outer cover makes keeping the bed clean and comfortable an easy task. If possible, a waterproof cover is ideal in case any liquids are spilled on the bed, so look out for this option when it’s available. 

Many mattress covers are also made from hypoallergenic fabrics that will not only reduce the accumulation of allergens that can make cancer patients sick but will also minimize the chances of skin irritants for the patients. 

Summary of Mattress Features that Are Important For Cancer Patients

Wrap-Up About Mattresses For Cancer Patients

Cancer patients need a comfortable bed when they come home from treatment, and finding the ideal mattress can help them overcome the discomfort and pain associated with cancer treatments. Cancer patients should have a mattress that relieves pressure points and has cooling features so that their aching muscles and joints can feel soothed during recovery. Because patients have to get out of and into bed several times a day, their mattresses must have strong edges that can withstand the pressure of them sitting on the bed’s edge. Motion isolation and responsiveness are essential mattress features that will benefit cancer patients because they ensure minimal disturbances to a patient’s sleep and recovery time.

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Why? Because a third of the most common cancers are related to obesity.

Calculate your BMI

So how do you know if you need to lose weight? One easy way of doing that is calculating your BMI which is your body mass index. And you would need your weight in pounds, your height in inches and probably a calculator. Your weight in pounds divided by your height in inches and you’re going to square that height and then you times it by 703.

If you are five foot four inches and 150 pounds you would do that 150 divided by 64 which is the five foot four in inches. Squaring that inch times it by 703 so your BMI would be 25.7.

A healthy BMI would be between 18.5 and 24.9. So technically this one was over 25 so it would be outside of the healthy range. Keep in mind that’s pretty close to the healthy range.

If you had a large amount of muscle mass on you or you just had a larger build to your body that might be a healthy weight for you and it has to be something that you can maintain. If you can’t maintain 10 pounds lighter and still be able to feel like you’re living your life, maybe the weight that you’re at is a healthy weight.

If your BMI is elevated and you do feel like you want to do something about it there are four ways that you can easily work on adjusting your weight through a healthy diet, not through weight loss schemes.

You can look on the internet and find that there are millions of different ideas on how you can lose weight.

The key is usually low calorie diets don’t work because you’re eventually going to start eating more.

Usually the low – or the high protein diets, low carb diets don’t work for a long period of time because most people don’t want to continue to eat like that.

So the best way is to make little changes that you can stick with for now and until you’re 90.

Eat more plant-based foods

One way to do that is to eat more plant-based foods. Make the majority of your diet plant-based foods. These foods are very – tend to be low in calories, fruits and vegetables a little bit lower than maybe the grains and the beans but they are very low in calories and they are very high in fiber. And that fiber has filling power. It takes a lot of space in our stomachs so it’s going to make us feel fuller.

So if you were to eat an apple, a large apple, it’s about 110 calories or you were going to eat a pudding cup, both of them have that 110 calories, but you’re probably going to feel much fuller after eating a large apple than you would after eating this pudding cup.

Both have the sweet taste that you might be craving and there is nothing wrong with adding, say, a little bit of cinnamon to the apple. That doesn’t really add any calories to it and gives it a little bit more of a perk, a little bit more of a treat aspect to it.

Set up your plate

Another way,  trying to eat the majority of your foods as plant-based foods, this is kind of a visual representation of how to kind of set up your plate. But if you think of your plates in thirds or even quarters, if you want it to be a little bit easier, you know, divide it out. And you want fruits and vegetables to take a good portion of your plate up. And the reason why fruits and vegetables are so helpful in why we want a good portion of that to be part of your plate and maybe even a little bit more vegetables than fruit because vegetables are the lowest calorie of all of these plant based products.

Fruits have a little bit more calories because of course they’ve got some fructose to them. And then your whole grains. But if you have two thirds of your plate the plant based products and only a small portion being your protein foods and of course trying to go for lean proteins, than you probably are going to be automatically eating less calories than you typically would. Because most of us would do our meat on one side and our carb on the other side, being say, fried chicken and macaroni and cheese. You might not have necessarily put the fruits and vegetables on there. So it’s going to displace some of the higher calorie foods that we eat.

Serving size

Another thing that you can do is pay attention to the serving size. So a lot of us don’t necessarily look on the back of a package unless maybe you are a dietician. But most of us don’t know that five Ritz crackers is a serving of breads.  Two Oreo cookies is a serving. So knowing what you’re serving size is and sticking to that serving size can be very helpful because you’re consciously knowing what the serving size is and then if you’re still hungry you have that large apple to go along with it. But you got your sweet tooth met. Or you had the 12 or 16 potato chips that is a serving size, not necessarily the whole bag, and then again, you have something else that will help fill you up with it but you still got that salty taste that you wanted to get in.

Try and shoot for serving sizes that are about a half cup. So a half cup is about a half of a baseball or it’s what is kind of – would fit into the round of your palm for most typical people. If your hand is a little bit bigger you might be cheating a little bit. But a half cup is a serving size for cooked beans, any type of cooked rice, any cooked cereal, any pasta. So a half cup is a typical serving.

When it comes to ready to eat cereal you’re going to have to look on the side of the package, just like with cookies and things like that. You’re going to have to find out what a serving size is because those can be varied quite a bit.

With like Grape Nuts, which is really dense, only being a fourth of a cup and something like Rice Krispies might be a cup to a cup and a quarter that would give you the same serving amount or same calorie amount. It can be helpful, especially for snacks and treats to put them in single serving containers.

So when you bring home the Oreos putting two Oreos in a little snack bag and that way when you grab them you’re consciously grabbing the serving size that is recommended. And then you can get another serving if you want but you’re a little bit more conscious about the amount that you’re eating.

One other thing that you want to watch for is tracks. So even though avocados, olive oil, nuts and seeds are very healthy for us, they’re very healthy foods, they have omega 3 fatty acids to it which are anti-inflammatory, have anti-inflammatory properties the problem is that they are very high calorie for low portion sizes.

So even though you’re on – even though they are very healthy for you from a weight loss standpoint they might not be something that you would want to include in your diet because you’re going to be kind of getting the small portion but a lot of calories.

Remember to exercise

So ultimately remember that eating is not the only thing you can do from a weight standpoint and actually exercise has been very beneficial for cancer prevention as well and exercise can help you burn a few extra calories so that your calories going in and your calories going out can be a little bit more equal.

So remember to exercise. The recommendations are for at least 30 minutes most days of the week and to avoid sedentary behavior. There is a difference between physical activity and sedentary behavior.

Physical activity is purposely going out and walking for 10 minutes even if it is three times a day. That’s a purposeful exercise.

Sedentary behavior is sitting in front of a desk for eight hours. If you can get up every hour and just take

two laps before you go to the bathroom or hand-deliver an email – or hand-deliver a message to somebody instead of sending it by email to somebody that’s right down the hall.

Those can be ways to get activity in throughout the day and keep you healthy both at work and when you’re at play.

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Colorectal cancer is more common in males than in females. Being overweight, being less active, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking are all also risk factors. Diets rich in processed and red meat or low in fiber and a history of adding a Mattis polyps (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34622875/) or inflammatory bowel disease increased the risk of colon cancer to most people diagnosed with colorectal cancer, do not have a family history of it. But having a relative who is affected does mean an increased risk. This is why screening takes place earlier at around 45 years of age or 10 years before the age which the family member was diagnosed.

There are also disorders like Lynch syndrome (https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/colorectal_cancer/lynch.htm), also known as familial adenomatous polyposis and conditions like hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, that lead to significantly higher risk. 95% of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas: rarer types include lymphoma carcinoid and squamous cell carcinoma.

In nearly all cases, the colorectal cancer develops from polyps. The most common are hyperplastic inflammatory and adenomatous polyps. Hyperplastic and inflammatory types, however, do not have a risk of malignant transformation. While adding a Mattis polyps do superficial gastrointestinal lesions like polyps are divided by the Paris classification into polypoid and non polypoid, meaning raised flat, depressed or ulcerated. The closer the polyp gets to ulcerated, the higher the risk that there is deeper infiltration, and potential lymph node involvement.

Colorectal cancer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer) can present in different ways, depending on the location of the malignancy. Overall 70% of colorectal cancers are found below the midpoint of the descending colon. However, in females, the cecum and ascending colon and more commonly affected than in males still becomes more formed as it passes the transverse and descending colon and the diameter the bowel decreases. This means that cancers in the sigmoid colon or rectum are more likely to generate obstructive symptoms such as abdominal cramping, distension and possibly perforation. They can also be blood visible in the stool, known as himmat of cat’s ear, which, when it is mixed suggests a cancer higher than the rectum, while if it is on the outer surface of the stool may indicate more rectal lesion. Rectal lesions can also present because of incomplete emptying of the rectum.

Changing bowel habits is another feature associated with colorectal cancer generally. Meanwhile, cancers on the right can become larger without causing these obstructive symptoms. As stools are looser and the diameter larger. These patients are more likely to bleed chronically and develop iron deficiency anemia and present with paler fatigue, shortness of breath, lightheadedness and tachycardia. The symptoms from the sigmoid and rectal cancers tend to be noticed and investigated sooner. Also remember constitutional symptoms like unexplained fever, night sweats or unintentional weight loss.

Diagnostics

Screening is normally done via fecal immunochemical testing, known as a FIT test (https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000704.htm), which includes fecal occult blood, looking for traces of blood in the stool, which may indicate cancer. This is done every two years from the age of 60 in the United Kingdom, and if positive, the patient will undergo a colonoscopy, a physical exam is done, including an abdominal and rectal examination.

However, the gold standard for diagnosis is colonoscopy and biopsy. This involves looking all the way up to the cecum To ensure full visualization, lab markers are used, such as a full blood count looking for anemia, cancer markers, in particular carcinoembryonic antigen, but CA 19-9 can also be monitored. A CT scan is used to look for metastasis and as part of staging. The most common system used is the TNM staging, which looks at where the primary tumor is infiltrating locally, lymph node metastasis, and the presence of distant metastasis.

The liver is the most common sites of metastasis due to the portal circulation, but it is possible to have metastasis to the lungs alone, coming from rectal malignancies, in particular, because the rectal venous plexus bypasses the portal system.

Treatment

The treatment is generally divided into either curative or palliative. We already said that the early stages can be treated with endoscopic mucosal resection, and more invasive but still local cancers can often be treated with local resection. This is most commonly a laparoscopic or open partial colectomy or approch the Lakshmi, especially in rectal cancers, a stoma may be needed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4411412/).

Chemotherapy can either be used before surgery, which is known as Neo adjuvant chemotherapy in order to shrink tumors or can be used afterwards. It is used particularly in stage three and stage four cancers and a typical agent is five flora or uracil.

Radiotherapy is also used before surgery to shrink tumors, rectal especially, but it can also be used to target precise areas like lung or liver metastases.

Targeted therapy is used to target cancer specific genes or proteins and bevacizumab, is an example, that targets vascular endothelial growth factor, pembrolizumab and nivolumab are other examples that target the programmed cell death receptor.

Prognosis

Palliative care may involve resection of the tumor or stenting in order to improve comfort. Prognosis is highly dependent on the stage. Tumors that have not reached the muscularis mucosa have a 98% five year survival, while those with involvement as far as the muscular layers have a five year survival of around 90%. Patients with more invasive local involvement only 70%, regional lymph node involvement – 40%, or distant metastases 30%.

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The hospital includes 7 research institutes. The largest of them are centers for breast, prostate, and stomach cancer.

Bremen-Mitte is one of the few hospitals in the country and in Europe where patients with malignant tumors can be treated:

• NEOliquid liquid biopsy is the latest development by German scientists, which allows the reaction of a neoplasm in the lungs to therapy to be determined without the traumatic puncture of the sternum – with a blood test.
• HIPEC therapy is the washing of the abdominal cavity with a heated solution of chemopreparations. The technique is used to treat patients with end-stage peritoneal tumors.

At the Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, one of the top specialists in the treatment of prostate cancer works:

• Prof. Sebastian Melchior, according to Focus magazine, is one of the best oncourological specialists in Germany. The doctor has over 25 years of experience. He supervises surgeries on prostate tumor removal with the help of da Vinci robot through incisions up to 2 cm. After the intervention, the man retains erectile and urinary functions. Sebastian Melchior has received the Bookimed Awards as the best specialist in prostate surgery.
• Prof. Jörg Grjotike is the chief physician of the Department of Oncology at Nordic Clinic Alliance with more than 25 years of experience. The doctor specializes in immuno-, chemo- and targeted therapy. In 2007, he became a senior physician at the Center for Internal Medicine Bremen-Mitte.

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How does immunotherapy work?

• The treatment stimulates the body’s natural defense systems to find and destroy cancer cells.
• Artificial drugs are created that replace damaged components of the immune system, thereby improving its function.

According to the American Cancer Society, over the past few years, tumor immunotherapy has become an integral part of treatment for some cancers. Scientists are researching new drugs and ways to stimulate the immune system.

Doctors distinguish these main types of immunotherapies for cancer:

• Monoclonal antibodies – proteins that are artificially altered to find and destroy cancer cells. Used in chronic lympholeukemia, gastric cancer.
• Checkpoint inhibitors – These drugs make cancer cells visible to the immune system. An example of such a drug is Keytruda (pembrolizumab). See clinics for treatment with Keytruda.
• Anti-cancer vaccines are drugs that work on the principle of flu shots – to induce a rapid immune system response, the patient is injected with substances that are produced by cancer cells. The most common human papillomavirus vaccines can prevent the development of rectal cancer, cervical, throat, vulva, vaginal and penile malignancies.
• Cytokines are protein molecules that stimulate the activity of the immune system and blood cells to fight cancer. They are prescribed for kidney tumors, metastatic melanoma, and, in some cases, to ease the side effects of chemotherapy.

Who would benefit from immunotherapy treatment for cancer?

Experts at the U.S. National Cancer Institute recommend immunotherapy for more than 100 different cancers in children and adults, including:

• lung cancer;
• breast cancer;
• malignant brain tumors;
• lymphoma;
• colorectal cancer;
• cancer of the stomach and pancreas;
• blood cancers.

How is immunotherapy done?

Depending on the diagnosis and the drug, immunotherapy is administered intravenously in the form of IVs or injections, in the form of tablets, cream that is rubbed into the skin or injected into the bladder through a catheter.
Some medications need to be taken continuously for a certain period of time, while others need to be taken in courses of several weeks or months.

Immunotherapy for lung cancer

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer in 2015. Over the following years, a number of studies were conducted on this therapy, which proved its effectiveness both on its own and in combination with other techniques. As a result, the FDA approved the use of immunotherapies even as a first-line treatment for lung cancer.
According to studies, after using immunotherapy, 25 patients with stage 3-4 lung cancer out of 100 live 5 years. By comparison, without immunosuppressive drugs, only 6 people pass this milestone.

Immunotherapy for breast cancer

For a long time doctors considered immunotherapy in breast cancer as insufficiently effective. But new research in the field is proving that the method still has potential.
In March 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the substance atezolizumab (Tecenric), which is a checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer with metastases.

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The Anadolu Cancer Center has received OECI (Organization of European Cancer Institutes) accreditation for advanced cancer treatment. There are about 30 clinics of this level in the world. It is also certified by ESMO (European Society of Medical Oncology) for effective treatment methods and quality palliative care for advanced cancer.

Anadolu Medical Center makes innovative methods of diagnosing malignant tumors available to its patients:

• MRI-Fusion biopsy – a highly accurate method of detecting prostate cancer. During the procedure the doctor performs the sampling of tumor tissue from 30 points for further analysis under the MRI control. By comparison, in a traditional biopsy, the sample is taken from 12 points. This makes Fusion biopsy more informative for the oncologist.
• A liquid biopsy (STS test) is a blood test that can detect cancer even at its earliest stage when other diagnostic methods fail.

According to the clinic, Anadolu Cancer Center is number 1 in Turkey and number 4 in Europe for the use of the latest radiation therapy systems: CyberKnife M6, Varian Edge and TrueBeam STx. These machines irradiate tumors with a precision of a few millimeters and have virtually no effect on surrounding healthy tissue.

The Anadolu Cancer Center operates on a hospital-within-a-hospital system. This means that doctors from all fields, who are necessary for a complete recovery, are involved in the treatment of the patient. Anadolu Clinic employs top oncologists:

• Prof. Serdar Turhal is an oncologist with over 20 years of experience, specializing in chemotherapy. He received his training in hematology, oncology and bone marrow transplantation in Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, USA.
• Prof. Yesim Yildirim is an oncologist with over 15 years of experience. She has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of breast, lung, gastrointestinal, and sarcoma cancers. She founded and heads the Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology.

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Who will benefit from cancer chemoembolization?

According to the medical portal radiologyinfo.org, doctors use chemoembolization of tumors for:

• Primary cancer of the liver and biliary tract;
• Liver metastases;
• breast cancer;
• pancreatic cancer;
• malignant tumor in the lungs;
• kidney cancer.

Depending on the number and size of tumors, transarterial embolization is used as an independent technique or in combination with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

How is transarterial chemoembolization performed?

Before transarterial chemoembolization, the doctor performs an X-ray examination of the tumor and the vessels that feed it. This makes it possible to plan the procedure and pave the way for the substances to be injected.
In order to make the patient feel comfortable, pain medications are given.
A catheter is inserted into an artery, most often the femoral artery. A mixture of chemopreparations and microparticles is injected through it.
After the procedure is completed, X-rays are taken again to make sure that the chemoembolization has passed accurately. The doctor removes the catheter and applies a tight dressing.
The whole procedure takes up to 90 minutes. Afterwards, the patient is monitored by doctors for about 6 more hours.

Chemoembolization with microspheres

This is an innovative cancer treatment technique that combines chemoembolization and radiotherapy. According to the American Cancer Society, during this procedure, the patient is injected not only with chemotherapy but also with special microspheres containing a radioactive substance. Once in the bloodstream, they irradiate the tumor for several days.
Chemoembolization with microspheres is safe for other tissues because doctors use a small amount of radioactive substance and inject it directly into the tumor.

Chemoembolization of a liver tumor

Chemoembolization is indicated for the treatment of a primary liver tumor and metastases from other organs. Studies have shown the method to be effective at all stages of the disease.

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To treat cancer, Helios uses the latest and most effective techniques that have been clinically tested and proven effective. These include:

IORT (Intraoperative Electron Radiation Therapy) is targeted irradiation of the tumor during surgery. The technique makes it possible to avoid traditional postoperative radiotherapy. During IORT, doctors use a high dose of radiation, which minimizes the risk of the disease returning.
HIPEC (“hot chemotherapy”) and PIPAC (“aerosol chemotherapy”) are treatments for multiple abdominal metastases. Treatments are done for stages 3, 4 of gastric, colon, bladder, and ovarian cancer. Because of the high dose of drugs, they are more effective than traditional chemo, with fewer and less side effects.
RFA (radiofrequency ablation) is non-surgical tumor destruction by high temperature. The technique is effective in the early stages of liver and pancreatic cancer.

Helios Berlin-Buch includes a specialized center for the treatment of soft tissue and bone sarcomas, where more than 2,000 patients have been treated over the past 15 years. Hyperthermic isolated chemoperfusion is available here. This is a type of chemotherapy that doctors use to treat soft tissue sarcomas of the hands and feet. They artificially restrict blood flow to the limb so that chemotherapy drugs circulate only to the affected area. According to the clinic, 80 patients out of 100 manage to keep their limb and its mobility after this procedure.

Helios Berlin-Buch employs such top oncologists:

• Dr. Peter Reichardt is the chief physician of the Helios Berlin-Buch Clinic and head of the Department of Oncology and Palliative Care. The doctor has over 30 years of experience in the treatment of cancer. He specializes in radiation therapy and Cyberknife treatment.
• Dr. Ulrich Beetz is the Head of the Sarcoma Center at Helios Berlin-Buch with over 10 years of experience. Dr. Beetz has conducted clinical research into new therapies in oncology and hematology. He specializes in chemo-, immuno- and targeted therapies.

Helios Berlin-Buch is ranked among the best hospitals in Germany by Focus magazine and Newsweek in 2021.

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